在其他编程语言中您必须使用变量。在shell编程中，所有的变量都由字符串组成，并且您不需要对变量
进行声明。要赋值给一个变量，您可以这样写：
#!/bin/sh
#对变量赋值：
a="hello world"
# 现在打印变量a的内容：
echo "A is:"
echo $a
有时候变量名很容易与其他文字混淆，比如：
num=2
echo "this is the $numnd"
这并不会打印出"this is the 2nd"，而仅仅打印"this is the "，因为shell会去搜索变量numnd的值，
但是这个变量时没有值的。可以使用花括号来告诉shell我们要打印的是num变量：
num=2
echo "this is the ${num}nd"
这将打印： this is the 2nd
case :表达式可以用来匹配一个给定的字符串，而不是数字。
case ... in
...) do something here ;;
esac
让我们看一个例子。 file命令可以辨别出一个给定文件的文件类型，比如：
file lf.gz
这将返回：
lf.gz: gzip compressed data, deflated, original filename,
last modified: Mon Aug 27 23:09:18 2001, os: Unix
我们利用这一点写了一个叫做smartzip的脚本，该脚本可以自动解压bzip2, gzip 和zip 类型的压缩文件：
#!/bin/sh
ftype=`file "$1"`
case "$ftype" in
"$1: Zip archive"*)
unzip "$1" ;;
"$1: gzip compressed"*)
gunzip "$1" ;;
"$1: bzip2 compressed"*)
bunzip2 "$1" ;;
*) echo "File $1 can not be uncompressed with smartzip";;
esac
您可能注意到我们在这里使用了一个特殊的变量$1。该变量包含了传递给该程序的第一个参数值。
也就是说，当我们运行：
smartzip articles.zip
$1 就是字符串 articles.zip
3. selsect
select 表达式是一种bash的扩展应用，尤其擅长于交互式使用。用户可以从一组不同的值中进行选择。
select var in ... ; do
break
done
.... now $var can be used ....
下面是一个例子：
#!/bin/sh
echo "What is your favourite OS?"
select var in "Linux" "Gnu Hurd" "Free BSD" "Other"; do
break
done
echo "You have selected $var"
下面是该脚本运行的结果：
What is your favourite OS?
1) Linux
2) Gnu Hurd
3) Free BSD
4) Other
#? 1
You have selected Linux
4.loop
loop表达式：
while ...; do
....
done
while-loop 将运行直到表达式测试为真。will run while the expression that we test for is true.
关键字"break" 用来跳出循环。而关键字”continue”用来不执行余下的部分而直接跳到下一个循环。
for-loop表达式查看一个字符串列表 (字符串用空格分隔) 然后将其赋给一个变量：
for var in ....; do
....
done
在下面的例子中，将分别打印ABC到屏幕上：
[url=]复制代码[/url] 代码如下:
#!/bin/sh
for var in A B C ; do
echo "var is $var"
done
#!/bin/sh
# list a content summary of a number of RPM packages
# USAGE: showrpm rpmfile1 rpmfile2 ...
# EXAMPLE: showrpm /cdrom/RedHat/RPMS/*.rpm
for rpmpackage in $*; do
if [ -r "$rpmpackage" ];then
echo "=============== $rpmpackage =============="
rpm -qi -p $rpmpackage
else
echo "ERROR: cannot read file $rpmpackage"
fi
done
--) shift;break;; # end of options
-*) echo "error: no such option $1. -h for help";exit 1;;
*) break;;
esac
done
echo "opt_f is $opt_f"
echo "opt_l is $opt_l"
echo "first arg is $1"
echo "2nd arg is $2"
您可以这样运行该脚本：
cmdparser -l hello -f -- -somefile1 somefile2
返回的结果是：
opt_f is 1
opt_l is hello
first arg is -somefile1
2nd arg is somefile2
#!/bin/sh
# vim: set sw=4 ts=4 et:
help()
{
cat <
b2h -- convert binary to decimal
USAGE: b2h [-h] binarynum
OPTIONS: -h help text
EXAMPLE: b2h 111010
will return 58
HELP
exit 0
}
error()
{
# print an error and exit
echo "$1"
exit 1
}
lastchar()
{
# return the last character of a string in $rval
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
# empty string
rval=""
return
fi
# wc puts some space behind the output this is why we need sed:
numofchar=`echo -n "$1" | wc -c | sed 's/ //g' `
# now cut out the last char
rval=`echo -n "$1" | cut -b $numofchar`
}
chop()
{
# remove the last character in string and return it in $rval
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
# empty string
rval=""
return
fi
# wc puts some space behind the output this is why we need sed:
numofchar=`echo -n "$1" | wc -c | sed 's/ //g' `
if [ "$numofchar" = "1" ]; then
# only one char in string
rval=""
return
fi
numofcharminus1=`expr $numofchar "-" 1`
# now cut all but the last char:
rval=`echo -n "$1" | cut -b 0-${numofcharminus1}`
}
while [ -n "$1" ]; do
case $1 in
-h) help;shift 1;; # function help is called
--) shift;break;; # end of options
-*) error "error: no such option $1. -h for help";;
*) break;;
esac
done
# The main program
sum=0
weight=1
# one arg must be given:
[ -z "$1" ] && help
binnum="$1"
binnumorig="$1"
while [ -n "$binnum" ]; do
lastchar "$binnum"
if [ "$rval" = "1" ]; then
sum=`expr "$weight" "+" "$sum"`
fi
# remove the last position in $binnum
chop "$binnum"
binnum="$rval"
weight=`expr "$weight" "*" 2`
done
echo "binary $binnumorig is decimal $sum"
#!/bin/sh
# vim: set sw=4 ts=4 et:
ver="0.1"
help()
{
cat <
rotatefile -- rotate the file name
USAGE: rotatefile [-h] filename
OPTIONS: -h help text
EXAMPLE: rotatefile out
This will e.g rename out.2 to out.3, out.1 to out.2, out to out.1
and create an empty out-file
The max number is 10
version $ver
HELP
exit 0
}
error()
{
echo "$1"
exit 1
}
while [ -n "$1" ]; do
case $1 in
-h) help;shift 1;;
--) break;;
-*) echo "error: no such option $1. -h for help";exit 1;;
*) break;;
esac
done
# input check:
if [ -z "$1" ] ; then
error "ERROR: you must specify a file, use -h for help"
fi
filen="$1"
# rename any .1 , .2 etc file:
for n in 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1; do
if [ -f "$filen.$n" ]; then
p=`expr $n + 1`
echo "mv $filen.$n $filen.$p"
mv $filen.$n $filen.$p
fi
done
# rename the original file:
if [ -f "$filen" ]; then
echo "mv $filen $filen.1"
mv $filen $filen.1
fi
echo touch $filen
touch $filen